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UPSC GS Mains — revision notes

Notes and handwritten answers for UPSC CSE Mains GS1–GS3, written in public between October 2026 and February 2027. Each topic page has the notes, followed by the past Mains questions on that topic with a scan of a timed, handwritten answer.

  • Revise today: topics due for spaced revision (1, 7, 30 and 90 days after merge).
  • Progress: topics done per paper, milestones and what's overdue.

Question text is reproduced from the official UPSC papers for non-commercial study; see the repository for attribution. No question text here is AI-generated.